Meneja wa Tanesco Mkoa wa Iringa Mhandisi John Bandiye akikabidhi zawadi mbalimbali kwa Mkuu wa kituo cha yatima Tosamaganga,Sista Hellena Kihwele.Mambomu ya kujitoa mhanga yamekuwa mtindo wa mashambulio ya kisiasa katika zama zetu hizi. Kuanzia Afghanistan hadi Madrid, London mpaka Sri Lanka, mabomu hayo yamekuwa katika maisha ya kila siku ya kisiasa na ni mbinu muhimu inayotumiwa katika ugaidi wa kisasa.
Wakati uchunguzi wa milipuko ya Julai 7 jijini London ukiendelea kufanyika na kujaribu kuona kipi kilijiri siku hiyo, utafiti mdogo sana umefanyika kutazama nini hasa wanawaza walipuaji wenyewe wa kujitoa mhanga.
Sababu
Kujaribu kugundua hasa kwa nini mlipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga, anajiua ili kuendeleza harakati fulani, ni vigumu mno, na ni kwa sababu ambazo zinazoeleweka kabisa.
Lakini utafiti mmoja uliofanywa na Chuo Kikuu cha Tel Aviv, nchini Israel, umefanya bidii kujaribu kugundua iwapo walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga wana tabia zozote zinazoonekana. Wamefanya hivyo kwa kuzungumza na kufanya tathmini ya watu waliokuwa wawe walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga.
Watu hao, ambao walijaribu kufanya mashambulio ya kujitoa mhanga, lakini walishindwa kwa sababu mbalimbali, ikiwemo matatizo ya kiufundo (bomu halikulipuka) au kukamatwa kabla ya kujilipua (wakielekea kujilipua au mapema kabla ya hapo).
Msongo wa mawazo
Watafiti waligundua mkondo wa watu ambao hawana uwezo mkubwa wa kuhimili wanapojikuta katika hali ya msongo, au mfadhaiko utokanao na shida (stress). Aidha pia waligundua kuwa watu hao hawana uwezo wa 'kuona mbali' na pia kuwa na tabia ya kutishwa na watu wenye madaraka.
Vilevile wamegundua kuwa, watu wanaowaandaa walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga, wana ubinafsi mkubwa, wana uwezo mkubwa wa kiakili kupambana na msongo, na mara nyingi, wenyewe hawako tayari kuwa walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga.
Profesa mstaafu, na mtaalam wa masuala ya ugaidi Ariel Merari, aliweza kukutana na watu 15 waliokuwa wakitaka kujilipua, ambao wako gerezani, kwa tuhuma za mashambulio yanayohusiana na mzozo wa Israel na Palestina.
Watano kati yao, walikuwa wametumwa na kundi la Hamas, watano na kundi la Islamic Jihad na watano kutoka kundi la al-Aqsa la Fatah.
Waandaaji
Aidha, Profesa Merari na wataalam wenzake waliziungumza na waandaaji wa walipuaji hao, wote kutoka makundi hayo.
Mbali na waandaaji hao na walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga, kulikuwa na kundi la udhibiti. Kundi hilo la watu 12 walikuwa wameshitakiwa na kufungwa kwa ghasia mbalimbali za kisiasa kuanzia urushaji mawe hadi mashambulizi ya kutumia silaha.
Changamoto ya kwanza kwa kikosi cha Profesa Merari ilikuwa kuwashawishi watu hao kuzungumza. Wafungwa hao walisisitiza kupata ruhusa kwanza kutoka kwa wakubwa wa makundi yao.
"Niliwaambia sababu za sisi kufanya utafiti huu," amesema Profesa Merari akizungumza na kituo cha BBC Radio 4.
"Kulikuwa na mjadala mzito. Mwishowe walikubali kushiriki na hakika hiyo ndio ilikuwa hatua muhimu kupata wengine kuweza kuzungumza."
Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ulipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga umeongezeka duniani.Kati ya mwaka 1981 na 2000, nchi 17 zimeathiriwa na mashambulio ya kujitoa mhanga, ikilinganishwa na nchi 32 kati ya mwaka 2001 na 2008.
Waumini
Mashambulio ya kujitoa mhanga mara nyingi huhusishwa na mtazamo wa itikadi kali za kidini kutoka kwa mshambuliaji.
Hata hivyo, utafiti huu mpya unasema, umuhimu wa dini haukupewa nafasi ya juu, ikilinganishwa na sababu nyingine, wakati wafungwa hao wakizungumzia wakati wakifanya uamuzi wa kuendesha mashambulio hayo ya kujilipua.
"Karibu wote walikuwa watu wanaofuata dini, lakini waliokuwa wakitaka kujilipua hawakuwa waumini sana kama wale wanaowadhibiti.
"Undani na ukubwa wa imani ya kidini haukuwa jambo ambalo liliwatofautisha kati yao na magaidi wasiotumia njia ya kujilipua."
Badala yake, Profesa Merari amegundua kuwa "Kuaibishwa kwa taifa" ndio sababu kuu ya kufanya mashambulio hayo.
"Hii ndio sababu kubwa, ya wazi na yenye nguvu iliyowapa ari ya kufanya hivyo.
"Sio suala la mtu kuteseka binafsi; walijaribu kulipiza kisasi kwa niaba ya jamii yao inayoteseka. wametaja matukio ambayo wameyaona katika televisheni, na sio matukio yaliyowatokea wao binafsi."
Watu waliohojiwa katika nafasi ya uandaaji wa walipuaji, walikuwa kwa wastani wakubwa kiumri, wenye elimu ya kutosha na ambao wasingependa wao kujitokeza na kujilipua.
Tisa kati ya 14 walikiri kuwa wasingekuwa tayari wao wenyewe kujilipua, kwa sababu- walikuwa wanaogopa kufanya hivyo
"Hawakutumia neno 'kuogopa', lakini walitumia maneno kama vile 'sio kila mtu anaweza kufanya hivyo', au 'inahitaji mtu mwenye hiba ya kipekee' na maneno kama hayo.
"watano waliosalia walisema 'kimsingi ningependa kufanya hivyo, lakini kazi yangu kama kamanda ni muhimu kwa hiyo sikuweza kufanya hivyo'. Walikuwa waoga tu nadhani, katika kutoa jibu la moja kwa moja."
Picha halisi
Utafiti huo pia uligundua kuwa taswira inayowekwa na waandaaji wa walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga, kuwa "ni vijana wenye dhamira kubwa" ni jambo la kupotosha.
"Walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga wenywe wametoa taswira tofauti kabisa. Asilimia sitini na sita walikiri kuwa walikuwa wakiogopa kufanya hivyo, au walikuwa wakisita. Na tulivyochunguza idadi kubwa ya matukio ya kujilipua, tuligundua asilimia 36 ya matukio 61 ya walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga, waliamua kuacha kufanya hivyo.
Profesa Merari anakiri kuwa, kwa sababu watu wote waliozungumza nao wametokana na majaribio "yaliyoshindwa kufanikiwa", utafiti huu hauwezi kutoa picha halisi ya mlipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga.
Hata hivyo, timu hiyo ya wataalamu inaamini utafiti huo unatoa "picha ya karibu zaidi".
"Baadhi ya walipuaji hawa wa kujitoa mhanga walifika kabisa na katika maeneo waliyotakiwa kujilipua, na hata kubonyeza kitufe cha kujilipua, lakini mabomu waliyokuwa wameyabeba hayakulipuka, kutokana na sababu za kiufundi.
"Kisaikolojia, hawa ni walipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga kwa kila mtazamo."
Utafiti wake huu unafikia majumuisho kuwa, hatua zinaweza kuchukuliwa kuzuia mashambulizi kwa misingi ya kutazama haiba na tabia ya mtu.
"Moja ya majumuisho ya utafiti huu ni kuwa kizuizi chochote kitakapomkabili mlipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga, kunaongeza nafasi ya mlipuaji huyo kubadili mawazo yake kutekeleza shambulio. Hii ni kwa sababu, wale wanaosita huhitaji kisingizio cha kutofanya shambulio.
"Wanahitaji kisingizio ili wasipoteze heshima yao binafsi.
"Kikwazo chochote, kitakwimu, kitaongeza nafasi ya mlipuaji wa kujitoa mhanga kubadili mawazo yake, akiwa njiani kwenda kujilipua."
The news could not have come at a worse time. She was just about to give birth to her third child when she learnt that she was HIV-positive.
To make matters worse, she was in an unhappy marriage, a marriage that was headed for the rocks.
“It was just too much for me to process. I was so stunned, I could not even cry,” says 32-year-old Halima Maina.
That was four years ago. Today, Halima and her 36-year-old husband Maina Muriuki say that being diagnosed with HIV turned out to be the saving grace of their once shaky marriage.
“Our marriage is happier and more fulfilling than it was before we found out that we were HIV-positive. We’re better people,” Halima says.
As Maina revisits his former life, one begins to understand Halima’s strange declaration about their marriage being transformed into a happier union by the HIV virus.
“I do not think I would be alive today, if I was HIV-negative,” Maina begins.
He confesses that before knowing his HIV status, alcohol and friends took priority over everything in his life, including his family.
His relationship with his wife was in such tatters that she had contemplated walking out on their 11-year marriage several times.
“He was my husband but I really did not know him because he was rarely home. When he was there, he was too drunk to make sense,” recalls Halima.
Their two sons knew even less of the perpetual drunkard they called daddy.
Maina concedes that the bond between him and his children was even weaker than that with his wife.
To begin with, his job then — a salesman with a local pharmacist — entailed a lot of travelling. He would come back in the wee hours, more often than not drunk.
The boys counted themselves lucky if they saw their father at least once a week, least of all while sober.
“I would leave the house at five in the morning and return late at night, drunk,” he confesses.
Then in the middle of all this gloom, HIV came knocking.
First, Muriuki fell ill and was admitted to Tumutumu Mission Hospital for eight days. His wife was pregnant then, and set to give birth any time. As he lay in his hospital bed, weak and helpless, she delivered their last child, a boy they named Douglas.
It was just before this delivery that the couple learnt about their HIV status. The news was devastating for both of them, so devastating that after being discharged from hospital, Maina fell ill again and was bedridden for five months.
That left his wife to cope alone, not just to nurse their youngest child, but to face the reality of their HIV status alone. Maina was in denial.
Halima says that she was the first to recover. By the time her husband came round to accepting his status, she had nursed their baby for almost six months and was ready to face life and this potent virus called HIV, to which she had never given a thought before.
And suddenly, their roles changed. The strong-willed husband who rarely spent time with his family unexpectedly found himself seeking the comfort of his soft-spoken wife who had quietly borne his truancy for eight years.
Like many men who are confronted with such unexpected news about their HIV status, Maina feared that his wife would leave him. After all, there was no doubt that he was the one who had infected her.
“I took full responsibility. I knew I was the one who infected her because a woman I had been intimate with had died a couple of years back from what I am now convinced was Aids,” says Maina.
Halima did the unexpected. She stayed and chose to confront the virus — and fight for her marriage. It wasn’t easy, though.
“I cried a lot. I asked where I was headed. Did I want my children to live without a father? Eventually, I decided to stay. I chose to live,” says Halima.
She does not regret her decision. Their marriage, she says, has moved to a higher level, one of love, respect, and friendship. Maina is a changed man. He has kicked a habit he had been struggling with for years: alcoholism. He says he now finds the smell of alcohol revolting.
“My drinking friends saw more of me than my wife. But after I was diagnosed HIV-positive, I began a new life,” he says.
His three sons, now aged 11, eight, and four, see more of their father and enjoy a healthy, and easy-going father-son relationship.
“He spends a lot with them,” says Halima.
For this mother of three, HIV has given her what she had quietly longed for during the many dark nights she spent alone with the children — a husband.
“I spent many lonely nights alone, agonising over what he was up to,” she recalls. “In so many ways, this virus that is so feared has given me back my husband.
If he did not know his status, I doubt I would have a husband today.”
Halima has changed, too. According to her husband, she was a rather submissive housewife who quietly slipped behind the shadows of married life, as if she was trying to be invisible.
Well, not anymore.
Today, this mother-of-three plays a bigger role in all the major decisions that the family makes than she did before.
Often, she strictly enforces all the decisions made in their home, like those regarding the family diet.
She ensures that everyone, especially her husband, eats a balanced meal with the little resources available.
She is also a stronger character.
“Before, I was a quiet housewife waiting for my husband to come home. I rarely questioned his behaviour. Not anymore. I have a voice now, and I know that I am entitled to respect and appreciation from my husband, which I am getting.”
And although her husband is currently jobless and relies on odd jobs to provide for them, Halima says that they are happier.
“The bond between us has strengthened. We spend more time together, we share our thoughts more freely. I can now confidently say that we’re a happily married couple,” agrees Maina.
Initially, they feared that those who knew them would shun them because of their status and kept this information to themselves.
But they decided to shake off this fear and begun telling people about their status.
“If sharing our story could help other couples make decisions that would safeguard their health and marriage, we would share it,” says Maina.
They occasionally volunteer as peer counsellors for local support groups of people living with HIV and Aids, in Karatina, Central Kenya, where they come from.
They also talk to married couples about the importance of HIV testing, and over time, the community around them has embraced them.
In a society where an HIV diagnosis begins a despairing mental journey dogged by stigma for many, Maina and his wife have become an inspiration.
They are a poster couple for HIV/Aids anti-stigma campaigns, whose message is perhaps more powerful than any HIV testing and counselling billboard on the streets.
According to the coordinator of the Karatina Home Based Care and Counselling Centre, Samuel Kimiru, the Mainas form the backbone of a team that is encouraging married couples to know their HIV status.
“Many couples are now attending counselling sessions and those who are not married are now able to bargain for safe sex,” says Kimiru.
The result is yet another victory against the spread of HIV and Aids in marriage.
